Apr 28, 2024  
2017-2018 Undergraduate Bulletin 
    
2017-2018 Undergraduate Bulletin [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


 

Astronomy

  
  • ASTR 105 - The Solar System


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course is an introduction to the solar system. Topics studied will include the motions of the night sky, the historical and scientific underpinnings of the Copernican revolution, and a look at our modern understanding of the bodies that make up our solar system, including planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets. The course will also explore how and what we know about planetary bodies orbiting other stars. Offered every fall.

    Corequisite(s): ASTR 106  or permission of instructor.
  
  • ASTR 106 - N/The Solar System Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 2
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    A laboratory experience to complement the material covered in ASTR 105 . Lab activities will include analyzing and interpreting data on Kepler’s Laws, optics, and planetary systems. Offered every fall.

    Corequisite(s): ASTR 105  or ASTR 100 .
  
  • ASTR 110 - Stars and Galaxies


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introduction to our modern understanding of the universe. Topics studied will include the interaction between light and matter, the formation, structure and evolution of stars, and galaxy kinematics and morphology. The course will also explore our understanding of the universe as a whole, from its origin to present structure, to possible fates. Offered every spring.

    Corequisite(s): ASTR 111  or permission of instructor.
  
  • ASTR 111 - N/Stars and Galaxies Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 2
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    A laboratory experience to complement the material covered in ASTR 110 . Labs activities will include spectroscopy, Kepler’s Laws, and analyzing and interpreting data on stars, galaxies, and the universe. Offered every spring.

    Corequisite(s): ASTR 110  or ASTR 100 .

Biochemistry

  
  • BCHM 393 - Honors Research


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 12
    Individual research at the molecular level on a topic of biochemical interest with a member of the Biology or Chemistry Department. A thesis that includes a statement of the research goals, pertinent background information, experimental procedures, analysis of data, and a discussion of the results is submitted at the completion of the project. After the thesis is accepted, the student gives an oral presentation in the department in which the research was done. Enrollment is by invitation of the Biochemistry Coordinating Committee. The student must have completed the biochemistry program through BIOL 300  and CHEM 302  with a GPA of 3.30, and have an overall GPA of 3.25. Offered by individual arrangement.

    Prerequisite(s): 2 credits of BIOL 399  or CHEM 399 , or equivalent research experience.

Biology

  
  • BIOL 103 - Human Biology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Designed for non-majors. Principles of basic human functions are discussed and applied to prepare the student for making broad-based value judgments. Practical questions of modern life are treated scientifically from a biological viewpoint. Counts for general education only if BIOL 104  is taken concurrently. Offered every spring.

  
  • BIOL 104 - N/Human Biology Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 2
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    Laboratory studies in human biology. Experiments are directed toward understanding sensory, voluntary, and involuntary functions. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): BIOL 103  or permission of instructor.
  
  • BIOL 105 - N/Contemporary Biology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    Biology applied directly to contemporary personal, social, and environmental problems; the biological problems evolving from technology; and current suggestions offered by leading biologists on solving these problems. To receive credit for the Natural Science Core, students must also take the laboratory BIOL 106 . Offered every fall.

    Corequisite(s): BIOL 106 .
  
  • BIOL 106 - N/Contemporary Biology Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 2
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    Laboratory studies in Contemporary Biology. Experiments are directed toward understanding current issues in biology such as those concerned with genetics, development and neurobiology. Emphasis is on the practical use of the methods of science. Offered every fall.

    Corequisite(s): BIOL 105  or permission of instructor.
  
  • BIOL 116 - N/General Biology Laboratory


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 4
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    An introductory experience which develops laboratory and analytical skills in the biological sciences.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): BIOL 117  or BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 117 - General Biology: Cells, Genetics, Evolution


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introductory course in the biological sciences covering cells, information coding and transfer, evolution, and diversity of unicellular organisms. This course will emphasize examples from both the plant and animal kingdoms using an integrated approach. Counts for general education only when taken with BIOL 116 . Intended for science majors and other well-prepared students. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): High School biology and chemistry.
  
  • BIOL 119 - General Biology: Diversity, Physiology, Ecology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introductory course in the biological sciences covering animal diversity, animal biology, plant biology, and ecology. Counts for general education only when taken with BIOL 116 . Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117 .
  
  • BIOL 128 - Freshman Experience in Biology


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course is intended for students considering a major in Biology or Biochemistry. It is meant to engage students in their academic program and the college. The goals of the course are to give students a sense of community, provide help with study skills and introduce students to resources available at the college. This course is designed for freshmen. Other students may be able to enroll if space permits. Graded on S/U basis. Offered in the fall.

  
  • BIOL 203 - Principles of Ecology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A study of the interrelationship of organisms and their environment. Emphasis is placed upon levels of ecological organization. Restricted to Pre-Biol, Majors and Minors.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  or BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 204 - Ecology Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Selected laboratory research projects in levels of ecological organization from organisms to populations, communities, and ecosystems. Restricted to Pre-Biol, Majors and Minors.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): BIOL 203 .
  
  • BIOL 207 - Human Anatomy


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    The structure of the human body, including the organization, development, and relationships of the tissues. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 208 - Anatomy Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Mammalian body structure, including both gross and microscopic studies. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): BIOL 207  and permission of the instructor.
  
  • BIOL 210 - Nutrition


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    The biology and chemistry of nutrients are discussed with special emphasis on their role in human physiology. Normal nutrition throughout the life cycle, nutrition in sports, weight management, and diseases resulting from improper nutrition are also considered. May not be used toward the major. Offered every spring.

  
  • BIOL 215 - Plant Diversity


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This course covers bacteria, algae, fungi, and both vascular and non-vascular plants. The structure, function, ecology and economic importance of these groups will be introduced both in lecture and in lab. Restricted to Pre-Biol, Majors and Minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119  .
  
  • BIOL 216 - Biology Second Year Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This course is designed for second year Biology and Biochemistry majors. It will include modules centered around Ecology, Genetics and Cell biology. Students will be introduced to select experimental techniques and experimental design that reflect contemporary practices in each of these areas. The course will count as a 200 level lab for the Biology BS and BA and as an elective for the Biochemistry BS degree. Restricted to Pre- Biol, Majors and Minors. Offered every semester.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 220 - Research Techniques in Biology:(subtitle)


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    A sophomore laboratory designed for students who want to explore the process of science in the research setting. Groups of students will have a chance to carry out experiments in biology that are aimed at exploring a specific problem at the forefront of knowledge. The subspecialty of this offering is (subtitle). Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): Biology or Biochemistry Majors with Sophomore status; May be taken only once for credit.
  
  • BIOL 222 - Genetics


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An in-depth treatment of heredity, the gene, and the function of genetic material at the individual and population levels. Restricted to Pre-Biol, Majors. Offered fall and spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119  and MATH 112  or MATH 221 ., CHEM 211  or CHEM 223 .
  
  • BIOL 223 - Genetics Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Selected experiments which demonstrate principles of genetics. Restricted to Pre-Biol, Majors. Offered fall and spring.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 230 - Principles of Microbiology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    The structure, cultivation, physiology, ecology, and importance of microorganisms (including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and viruses) are studied. Medical aspects include immunology, serology, disease, and sanitation. Laboratory activity complements lecture material. Offered fall and spring

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 222  and (CHEM 211  or CHEM 223 ), and permission of the instructor.
  
  • BIOL 235 - M/Disease and the Developing World


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    General Education Area(s): Other World Civilizations

    An examination of the biology of disease in developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. This course will explore the biology of infectious diseases and their influences on history and culture of these regions as well as the social and economic impact of disease for contemporary societies. Topics addressed will also include prospects for change through current scientific research on treatment and control. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 241 - Biology of Invertebrates


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    A survey of structure, classification, ecology, evolution, and physiology of the major groups of invertebrate animals. (Field trips are sometimes scheduled outside the regular class period.) Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 242 - Biology of Vertebrates


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    A survey of the classification, structure, physiology, behavior, and ecology of the classes of vertebrates is presented through lectures and laboratory exercises. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 250 - R/Biological Data Analysis


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    General Education Area(s): Mathematics

    Quantitative analysis in the biological sciences involves understanding the scientific method, experimental design, sampling theory, graphs, and data analysis and interpretation. Students will develop and test hypotheses using statistics and graphing techniques in computer-based laboratory exercises. This course may count as a Biology elective (but it does not count toward the laboratory course requirements) OR serve as the computer science/statistics related requirement. (Students may not receive credit for more than one 200-level statistics course, including credit for more than one of the following courses: BIOL 250, ECON 205 , GEOG 278 , MATH 242 , MATH 262 , PLSC 251 , PSYC 250 , and SOCL 211 .) Restricted to Majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 116 .
  
  • BIOL 264 - Human Physiology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This course examines the fundamental principles and facts of Human Physiology with a focus on the methods of biological control present in the main organ systems. This will be coupled to an understanding of the major concepts of animal physiology. The lab will consist of experimental work examining the major physiological systems of the human using both computer and bench work using human and animal models. This course may not be taken after BIOL 364 - Animal Physiology  unless permission is first obtained from the instructor prior to registration for BIOL 264. Students may receive Biology elective credit for this course or BIOL 364  but not both. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119  and permission of the instructor.
  
  • BIOL 265 - Anatomy and Physiology I


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This course is the first of a two-course sequence that examines the structure and function of the human body. The first semester studies the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. This course contains a lecture and a required laboratory, which will feature dissections as well as physiological experiments. This course may not be taken after BIOL 364 - Animal Physiology  unless permission is first obtained from the Biology Chair prior to registration for this A&P course. Students may receive Biology elective credit for this course or BIOL 364 , but not both. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): Demonstration of minimum competence (C- or better) in BIOL 117  ,BIOL 119 , and permission of the department.
  
  • BIOL 266 - Anatomy and Physiology II


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This course is the second of a two-course sequence that examines the structure and function of the human body. Through lectures and laboratories students will study the organ systems including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems. This course contains a lecture and a required laboratory, which will feature dissections as well as physiological experiments. This course may not b e taken after BIOL 364 - Animal Physiology  unless permission is first obtained from the Biology Chair prior to registration for this A&P course. Students may receive Biology elective credit for this course or BIOL 364 , but not both. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 265  and permission of the department.
  
  • BIOL 271 - Heredity


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    For the non-major or Biology minor who is interested in the genetics of humans and the impact of genetics on human life. Topics such as human genetic disorders, social genetics, race and speciation, mutations, and agricultural genetics are discussed throughout the course. May not be used toward the major. Offered fall and spring.

  
  • BIOL 281 - Introduction to Research


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Students will meet once a week to discuss the process of biological research. Seminar presentations by local faculty and visiting scientists will expose students to the variety of research currently being conducted at Geneseo and elsewhere. Students will explore their own research ideas to develop a project proposal that could potentially be carried out at Geneseo. Class activities will emphasize the intellectual skills and process required to develop such a project. Intended for sophomores and juniors in the Biology and Biochemistry majors. NOTE: This course may not be used for Biology elective credit. Restricted to Majors. Graded on S/U basis. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  or BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 297 - Lab Assistant for Introductory Biology Courses


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Students will assist undergraduate laboratory and faculty supervisors in lab sections of first year biology. BIOL 297 students will take part in weekly class activities that emphasize preparation for lab and discussion of topical instructional strategies. A maximum of 4 credit hours from BIOL 297, BIOL 299, BIOL 381, BIOL 382, BIOL 395 , BIOL 397 , BIOL 398  and BIOL 399  can be applied towards the major in Biology.

    Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
  
  • BIOL 300 - Cell Biology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introduction to molecular and structural organization of the eukaryotic cell. Topics include: the plasma membrane, internal membranes, synthesis of proteins, membrane bound organelles, photosynthesis and respiration, the cytoskeleton and motility, cell growth and division, hormones and receptors, and nerve cells and electrical properties of membranes. Restricted to Majors. Offered fall and spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 222  and CHEM 211  or CHEM 223 .
  
  • BIOL 301 - Laboratory in Cell Biology


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Selected experiments in cell biology that illustrate some of the basic principles, techniques and experimental models in current use. Restricted to Majors Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300 .
  
  • BIOL 304 - Biotechnology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course will provide students with the basic knowledge of biotechnology and its application and significant benefits to humanity. The topics include recombinant DNA technology and genomics, microbial, plant and animal biotechnologies, DNA fingerprinting and forensic analysis, bioremediation, medical biotechnology, and biotechnology regulations and ethics. Students may receive Biology credit for this course or BIOL 322  but not both. Restricted to Majors. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 305 - Biological Conservation


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 4
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Focuses on understanding the evolution, distribution and threats to biodiversity. Emphasis is placed on understanding the important aspects of genetics and population biology that impact the management and protection of species and populations of conservation concern. The course will also examine the theory and practice of reserve design and other conservation measures used in a variety of situations worldwide. Students will participate in an applied conservation community-based inquiry project at an off-campus (DEC, NY State Parks or other) site. Students will participate in collection of field data, analysis and report preparation. This course does not count as an elective Biology laboratory. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203 .
  
  • BIOL 306 - Evolutionary Biology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An examination of the patterns and processes of evolution from the perspective of several subdisciplines within biology. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  and BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 311 - Taxonomy of Vascular Plants


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 2
    Non-Lecture: 4
    A lecture and field course treating the nature, methodologies, and problems of plant taxonomy. Aspects of nomenclature, classification, and floristics are treated. Representative families of vascular plants are studied with particular reference to the local flora. (At least two field trips are required outside of class hours.) Restricted to Majors and Minors. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 312 - Aquatic Community Ecology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    An introduction to the organization and dynamics of the biological communities that dominate freshwater and marine habitats, emphasizing key ecological processes common to all aquatic habitats. Environmental threats to the integrity of aquatic communities and issues related to conservation will serve as a focus for readings and class discussions. The laboratory will emphasize field surveys and practical techniques, both analytical and quantitative. Participation on a field trip to a marine station is required. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered fall, even years.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223 ).
  
  • BIOL 314 - Biodiversity: (subtitle)


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 2
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This is an intensive, field-based course that looks at a specific region, its biological diversity and the physical and biotic factors that are significant in controlling this diversity. A variety of organisms will be considered with most attention given to organisms that are most readily observed (common plants, vertebrates and insects). Students will learn about specific organisms and understand how their structure, physiology and behavior influence their distribution and thereby the diversity of a region. The course will take advantage of the unique features of a particular region to consider the processes and the physical and biological attributes that contribute to the biodiversity of a region. May be taken once for major credit. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered during summer or during winter/spring break.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203 , BIOL 222 , or permission of the instructor.
  
  • BIOL 315 - Sustainability Science


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Sustainability science is a problem-driven field that focuses on both the protection of the environment and the maintenance and enhancement of life for current and future human generations. This course will explore some of the major scientific issues behind our understanding of sustainability by focusing on major themes of biodiversity, water, global change, energy and resources, food and agriculture, waste and human health. We will examine data from current research to understand the scientific basis of these problems, and to assess potential solutions. Particular attention will be given to issues in New York and in the United States through lectures, case studies and projects. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): (BIOL 203  or ENVR 124 ) and (GEOG 111 /GEOG 112  OR GSCI 140 /GSCI 141 ).
  
  • BIOL 316 - Comparative Sustainability


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 2
    Non-Lecture: 3
    This course will allow students to come face-to-face with the particular biodiversity, water, energy, food, and health issues of a non-North American, non-industrialized country, and compare them to similar issues in the U.S. The hybrid, online, study abroad course provides the opportunity to understand sustainability issues in the U.S. and study background material about Nicaragua’s environmental sustainability situation for a week before departure. Two weeks in Nicaragua will provide immersion in the issues particular to that place, followed by a wrap-up week of online classes, discussions, and reports. This offers our students unique perspective from which they can deeply examine global sustainability issues. Offered only during the summer session.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 119  or ENVR 124 
  
  • BIOL 322 - Molecular Biology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An advanced course dealing with genetic and regulatory mechanisms at the cell and molecular level. Students may receive Biology credit for this course or BIOL 304 , but not both. Restricted to Majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and (CHEM 300  or CHEM 302  or BIOL 335 ).
  
  • BIOL 327 - Molecular Ecology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course explores how molecular methods a reused to address research questions in ecology. The techniques for generating molecular marker data as well as the properties and applications of different types of molecular data will be examined. Topics will include phylogeography, population genetics, conservation genetics, behavioral ecology, adaptation, ecological genetics, speciation, hybridization, and microbial ecology. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  and BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 330 - Immunology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Theory and application of the principles of immunology. Analysis by immune reactions and the use of systems in assessment of biologic function are included, with attention to the specialized procedures of fluorescent antibodies and radioimmunoassay. Restricted to Majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223  or BIOL 301  or CHEM 301 ).
  
  • BIOL 334 - Biology of Cancer


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course looks at the molecular origins of cancer with emphasis on understanding oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and their role in signal transduction and the cell cycle. The course will examine the discovery of viral oncogenes, cellular oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and relate them to current therapeutic approaches. The course will also cover topics in cancer prevention and treatment and look at some of the most common tumor types. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300 .
  
  • BIOL 335 - Foundations of Biochemistry


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course will introduce the principles of biochemistry to students who have a strong interest in biology. The course is a one semester survey of the chemistry of living organisms that will focus on metabolic regulation and pathway integration. It will also incorporate elements of molecular evolution as it relates to protein structure/function. Restricted to Majors. This course is restricted to Biology majors and minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300 .
  
  • BIOL 338 - Animal Behavior


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An integration of ethological and comparative psychological aspects of the evolution and development of behavior in animals. Special emphasis on such topics as biological rhythms, communication, spacing, reproduction, sensory systems, learning, and social structure. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  and BIOL 222 . (Not available for credit to students who have credit for PSYC 338 .)
  
  • BIOL 339 - Animal Behavior Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Studies of the behavior and behavior patterns of animals under both controlled laboratory and natural field conditions. Emphasis is placed on observational and quantitative approaches. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 338   and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223 ).
  
  • BIOL 340 - Modeling Biological Systems


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 2
    Non-Lecture: 2
    Crosslisted with: MATH 340 .
    Computer and mathematical models are increasingly important tools used to understand complex biological systems. Under the guidance of biology and mathematics professors, students will work both individually and in groups to develop, analyze and present models of various biological systems ranging from disease models and diffusion processes to ecosystem dynamics. The course involves two hours of lectures and two hour computer-based laboratory. This course does not count as a Biology elective laboratory. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): MATH 222  and (BIOL 203  or BIOL 222  or MATH 223 )
  
  • BIOL 342 - Parasitology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Examines parasites and parasitism, emphasizing the influence of parasites on the ecology and evolution of free-living species, and the role of parasites in global public health. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300 .
  
  • BIOL 344 - Biology and Global Health


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    A consideration of current biological issues in the field of Global Health. This course will address biological factors that affect morbidity and mortality in low- and lower middle-income countries. Topics will include issues in environmental health in developing countries, including water quality, sanitation, air quality and food safety. The course will also examine the effects of large-scale ecological change on human health, including urbanization, deforestation and climate change. Offered summer.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 117  and BIOL 119 .
  
  • BIOL 345 - Biology of Insects


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    A beginning and basic course dealing with the classification, morphology, physiology, exology, behavior and economic importance of insects. Restricted to Majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): One of the following courses: BIOL 203 , BIOL 215 , BIOL 230 , BIOL 241 , or BIOL 242 .
  
  • BIOL 354 - Developmental Biology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    An introduction to the principles and concepts of metabolism, growth, morphogenesis and differentiation in developing systems. In the laboratory students will make observations of, and perform experiments on, a variety of developing systems, both plant and animal, demonstrating a number of fundamental events of development. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223  or BIOL 301  or CHEM 301 ).
  
  • BIOL 361 - Plant Physiology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Lectures and laboratories are concerned with the physical and chemical and cellular processes underlying plant function. Topics to be considered include water absorption and transport, photosynthesis, carbohydrate chemistry, secondary chemistry, mineral assimilation, growth, and control of development. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300 . and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223  or BIOL 301  or CHEM 301 ).
  
  • BIOL 364 - Animal Physiology


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 3
    Lectures and laboratories are concerned with the mechanisms by which animals function. The prevailing theme is the biology of the whole animal. Regulative and integrative mechanisms in animal organ systems are examined. Students may receive Biology elective credit for this course or BIOL 264  but not both. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223 ).
  
  • BIOL 375 - Cellular Neurobiology


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course will provide an introduction to the cellular & molecular biology of neurons. Students will learn how the intrinsic properties of neurons, together with synaptic transmission, lead to the formation of functional neural circuits for sensation, central integraion, and patterned motor output. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300 .
  
  • BIOL 376 - Environmental Management


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Environmental management is approached as an extension of basic ecology. The framework of study is the operation of the ecosystem and the mechanisms of its regulation of energy and material flows. Agricultural, industrial, and social activities are examined for their qualitative and quantitative effect, and the legal and educational means of controlling these effects will be examined. Particular attention will be given to critical study of land and water management practices in New York. Restricted to Majors and Minors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203 .
  
  • BIOL 378 - Microscope Techniques


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A lecture-demonstration course concerned with a discussion of the principles of light and electron microscopy, the instrumentation available, and the principles involved in preparation of material for microscopy. Restricted to Majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  or BIOL 222 .
  
  • BIOL 380 - Biology Seminar


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A discussion course dealing with a selected area of Biology and based on current literature. May be repeated for up to two hours credit toward the major. Restricted to Majors.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  and BIOL 300 .
  
  • BIOL 383 - Biomathematics Seminar


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    The purpose of this seminar is to help seniors through the process of applying to graduate school, and/or determining options for work- ing in biology after graduation. Applications for most graduate programs are due in January or February. By the end of this course, each student should have selected several programs to apply to, contacted the programs and potential advisors, have some understanding of financing for graduate school, and have the majority of their application completed. For students not planning to apply to graduate school, parallel assignments will prepare them to apply for a position as a lab or field technician or research fellow. NOTE: This course may not be used for Biology elective credit. Graded on a S/U basis. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): Junior standing in Biology.
  
  • BIOL 385 - Senior Seminar in Biochemistry


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Discussion of current literature, recent advances, perspectives, or selected topics in Biochemistry. Subjects may differ each semester. Restricted to Majors.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 302  and CHEM 304 .
  
  • BIOL 390 - Molecular Techniques


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 3
    An introduction to basic techniques commonly used in biotechnology. Laboratory exercises include DNA, RNA, and protein manipulations, web-based sequence analysis, and the use of associated apparatus. Lectures cover background information of the techniques and their applications. Restricted to Majors.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and one of the following: (BIOL 216 , BIOL 223 , BIOL 230 , BIOL 301 , CHEM 301 , BIOL 330 ).
  
  • BIOL 391 - Electron Microscopy


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 6
    A project-based course designed to help students acquire the skills required in electron microscopy. Students will learn to prepare biological samples for transmission and scanning electron microscopy, to operate the electron microscopes and ancillary equipment, and to select, process and interpret images. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 378 .
  
  • BIOL 392 - Genome Analysis


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 3
    The course examines and utilizes modern experimental strategies to study DNA, RNA, and protein. Special emphasis is placed on bioinformatics resources for cellular moleocules and strategies for their simultaneous analysis. Lectures will be supported by the analysis of primary literature, computational laboratory experiments. Topics covered will be discussed with respect to modern questions in genomics, molecular genetics, and biochemistry. Restricted to Majors. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223  or BIOL 301  or CHEM 301 ).
  
  • BIOL 393 - Honors Thesis


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 6
    Two semesters of research and writing within the department for the preparation of an undergraduate thesis and presentation at the Undergraduate Research Symposium. The thesis will include research goals, background, experimental procedures, data analysis and discussion. Credit for HONR 393  requires a grade of A. BIOL 393 may not be applied to the thirty-six credits required for the Biology major.

    Prerequisite(s): By individual arrangement.
  
  • BIOL 394 - Neurobiology Techniques


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 3
    An introduction to the methods and experimental strategies used to explore the structure and function of the nervous system. Students will become familiar with physiological methods such as extracellular and intracellular recording of neural activity, and the use of computers for data acquisition and analysis. Students will learn anatomical methods for identification of neuronal projections, staining to reveal neuronal form, and immunocytochemistry to identify neurotransmitters, receptors, and other molecular structures. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 300  and (BIOL 204  or BIOL 216  or BIOL 223 ).
  
  • BIOL 395 - Internship in Biology


    A maximum of four credits from BIOL 299, BIOL 395, and BIOL 399  may be applied toward the major in Biology. Offered by individual arrangement.

  
  • BIOL 396 - Advanced Research In Biology


    Credit(s): 1-2
    Advanced field or laboratory research in Biology. This course is for students who wish to continue with a research project in the biological sciences after having have demonstrated interest and expertise in the project for at least two semesters of for-credit research on any biological topic. This course satisfies one of the laboratory requirements for the Biology B.S. and B.A. degrees. Offered by individual arrangement. every semester.

    Prerequisite(s): Two semesters BIOL 299 or BIOL 399  involving field or laboratory research and permission of instructor.
  
  • BIOL 397 - Lab Instructor for Introductory Biology Courses


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Students who serve as laboratory instructors will have a weekly class meeting that emphasizes preparation for the lab and topical instructional strategies. They will also teach one lab section, grade student assignments and hold office hours. A maximum of 4 credit hours from BIOL 297 , BIOL 299, BIOL 381, BIOL 382, BIOL 395 , BIOL 397, BIOL 398  and BIOL 399  can be applied towards the major in Biology.

    Prerequisite(s): Permission of instructor.
  
  • BIOL 398 - Biology Lab Pedagogy


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This seminar course provides students a framework for preparing to teach first year biology labs. Discussion and class activities will model appropriate instructional techniques and help students develop reflective practice. Students may take this course twice for credit. A maximum of 4 credit hours from BIOL 297 , BIOL 299, BIOL 381, BIOL 382, BIOL 395 , BIOL 399 , BIOL 397  and BIOL 398 can be applied towards the major in Biology.

    Corequisite(s): BIOL 397  and permission of instructor.
  
  • BIOL 399 - Directed Study


    Credit(s): 1-4
    Students work individually on a research problem in biology under the supervision of a faculty member. A maximum of 4 credits from BIOL 299, BIOL 395  and BIOL 399 may be applied toward the major in Biology. Offered by individual arrangement.

    Prerequisite(s): Junior standing, permission of instructor and approval of departmental chair.

Biophysics

  
  • BIPH 375 - Biophysics


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A study of the application of the fundamentals of physics to the problems of the biological sciences. Emphasis is placed upon representative topics demonstrating the analytical methods and the theory of those methods used in biophysics. Students will be expected to read and discuss current literature. Examples of topics include biophysical modeling, organ systems, and electromagnetic interactions. Offered every fall, even years.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL 203  or BIOL 222 , PHYS 223 , MATH 222 ; or permission of instructor.

Black Studies

  
  • BLKS 200 - Introduction to Black Studies


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course will serve as an introduction to the broad field of Africana/Black studies. Inherently interdisciplinary, Africana/ Black Studies draws on the fields of history and literature, arts and material culture, as well as political science, geography, and sociology. Black Studies emerged out of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s and offers an important and compelling angle for analyzing American history and culture. In fact, Black Studies takes on directly the interconnected nature of slavery and freedom in United States history and their enduring legacies. This class will introduce students to key themes and issues in Black Studies, as well as a range of disciplinary approaches to their study. Among these are the relationships between African Americans and Africa and the Diaspora. Offered at least once in four semesters.

  
  • BLKS 220 - Black Lives Matter: (subtitle)


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This is a course that engages with the ideas and issues at the heart of the contemporary Black Lives Matter Movement. Inspired by and engaged with the justice movement emerging and growing in response to the devastating numbers of (unpunished) murders of Black Americans, this course will use a variety of academic tools and perspectives to explore the historic and contemporary manifestations of white supremacy and the struggle to dismantle it. The Black Lives Matter Movement offers an inherent challenge to the widespread belief that the United States has achieved a post-racial society. Among other things, this course will provide a framework for examining the legacies of slavery and Jim Crow in our society as well as the political and cultural tactics Black Americans have used to insist on their humanity and civil rights. This topic lends itself to multiple disciplinary perspectives and faculty in a variety of departments will teach it with different emphases. May be taken twice under different subtitles. Offered at least once in four semesters.


Chemistry

  
  • CHEM 100 - Chemistry First Year Experience


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 1
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course serves as an introduction to the chemistry and biochemistry programs at Geneseo and is intended for those considering a chemistry or biochemistry major. Topics include career opportunities, the literature of the chemist and biochemist, research opportunities, software used in the chemistry curriculum, and strategies for success. Not offered on a regular basis.

  
  • CHEM 104 - Chemistry and Society


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A terminal one-semester course designed to acquaint non-science students with how chemistry and science affect their lives. Chemical principles are applied to problems of current interest, such as energy and pollution. Methods which chemists and other scientists use in their attempts to solve such problems are illustrated. Not available to science majors. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Corequisite(s): CHEM 105 .
  
  • CHEM 105 - N/Chemistry and Society Laboratory


    Credit(s): 1
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 2
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    A terminal one-semester laboratory designed to acquaint non-science students with how chemistry and science affect their lives. Experiments are applied to problems of current interest, such as acid rain. Methods which chemists and other scientists use in their attempts to solve such problems are introduced. Not available for credit to science majors. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Corequisite(s): CHEM 104 .
  
  • CHEM 116 - Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introduction to some of the fundamental principles of chemistry. Topics include introduction to chemistry, stoichiometric principles, atomic structure and nature of the periodic table, chemical bonding, reactions in solutions, solution stoichiometry, thermochemistry, and trends in the physical and chemical properties of elements and their compounds. (Primarily designed for science majors and potential science majors.) CHEM 119  must accompany this course for natural science general education credit. Offered every fall.

  
  • CHEM 118 - Chemistry II


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A continuation of CHEM 116 . Topics to be covered include thermodynamics and reaction spontaneity, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, properties of acids and bases, aqueous solution equilibria, electrochemistry, molecular structure and bonding theories, transition metals and their coordination compounds, and chemical properties of selected elements. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 116 .
    Corequisite(s): CHEM 119 .
  
  • CHEM 119 - N/Introductory Chemistry Lab


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 4
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    An introduction to the experimental techniques and methodology used to explore matter and chemical reactivity. Experiments include the synthesis and characterization of a compound, identification of unknown substances, an exploration of the gas laws, volumetric and gravimetric analysis, structure and bonding, and acid/base chemistry. Offered every fall and spring.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): CHEM 116  or CHEM 203 .
  
  • CHEM 203 - N/Principles of Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 4
    Non-Lecture: 0
    General Education Area(s): Natural Sciences

    An introduction to some of the fundamental principles of chemistry, including stoichiometry, atomic structure and bonding, periodicity, classification of reactions, thermochemistry, gases, intermolecular forces and changes of state, solutions, and kinetics. Designed for well-prepared science majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): Successful completion of the NYS regents or similar course.
  
  • CHEM 204 - Principles of Chemistry II


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 2
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A continuation of CHEM 203 , Principles of Chemistry I. Topics to be covered include chemical equilibrium, properties of acids and bases, solution equilibria, free energy and thermodynamics, electrochemistry, transition metals and their coordination compounds, and chemical properties of selected elements. Offered first half semester, every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 203 .
    Corequisite(s): CHEM 119 .
  
  • CHEM 209 - Intermediate Chemistry Laboratory


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 4
    This course serves as a bridge to advanced chemistry laboratory courses at Geneseo. Students will learn how to perform quantitative measurements and techniques for the synthesis and characterization of compounds. Safety in the laboratory environment and experimental design are emphasized. Offered every spring semester.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 119 .
  
  • CHEM 211 - Organic Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introduction to modern organic chemistry using a functional group approach. Topics include structure/reactivity relationships, reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and spectroscopy. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 118  or CHEM 204 CHEM 119 .
  
  • CHEM 213 - Organic Chemistry II


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Continuation of CHEM 211  with emphasis on the biochemically important alcohol, amine, carbonyl and aromatic functional groups. Structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods is also explored. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 211 .
  
  • CHEM 216 - Organic Chemistry Laboratory


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 4
    Laboratory practices in representative organic preparations and procedures. Offered every fall and spring.

    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): CHEM 211  or CHEM 223 .
  
  • CHEM 223 - Principles of Organic Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 2
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introduction to modern organic chemistry using a functional group approach. Topics to be covered include structure/reactivity relationship, reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry and spectroscopy. Offered second half semester, every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 204 .
    Prerequisite(s)/Corequisite(s): CHEM 119 .
  
  • CHEM 224 - Principles of Organic Chemistry II


    Credit(s): 4
    Lecture: 4
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Continuation of CHEM 223  with emphasis on the biochemically important alcohol, amine, carbonyl and aromatic functional groups. Structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods is also explored. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 223 .
  
  • CHEM 300 - Principles of Biochemistry


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A one-semester survey of the chemistry of living organisms. Topics studied include enzymes and enzyme kinetics, proteins, nucleic acids and protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, photosynthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Students may not receive credit for more than one of the following courses: CHEM 300, CHEM 302 , and BIOL 335 . Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 213  or CHEM 224  and CHEM 216 .
  
  • CHEM 301 - Biochemistry Laboratory


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 4
    Students will be introduced to a selection of standard biochemical procedures such as DNA and protein purification, chromatographic separation, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, enzyme assay, and DNA analysis techniques. Offered every semester.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 213  or CHEM 224  and CHEM 216 .
    Corequisite(s): CHEM 300  or CHEM 302 .
  
  • CHEM 302 - Biochemistry I


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Introduction to the chemistry of living organisms. Structure-to-function relationships of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are explored, with an emphasis on molecular interactions. Other topics include enzyme kinetics, catalytic mechanism, and modes of regulation, as well as, application of protein function such as oxygen transport, muscle contraction, the immune response, membrane transport, and biological signaling. Students may not receive credit for more than one of the following courses: CHEM 300 , CHEM 302, and BIOL 335 . Preference for enrollment given to Biochemistry and Chemistry majors. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 213  or CHEM 224 .
  
  • CHEM 304 - Biochemistry II


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Continuation of the chemistry of living organisms. The chemistry of nucleic acids is explored in depth and these principles are applied to understanding the tools that biochemists use in the laboratory. Regulation of genes and the molecular interactions of protein-DNA complexes are also investigated. The last part of the course focuses on the chemistry of metabolism and biosynthesis, along with the mechanisms of regulation of these processes. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 302 .
  
  • CHEM 313 - Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 2
    Lecture: 0
    Non-Lecture: 4
    A laboratory course devoted to the synthesis, separation, and identification of organic compounds, utilizing modern instrumental methods. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): (CHEM 213  or CHEM 224 ) and CHEM 216  and CHEM 209 .
  
  • CHEM 315 - Bioorganic Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    This course will survey several main classes of natural products (secondary metabolites), their biosynthesis, typical structures, biological properties, and structural elucidation. Special attention will be paid to mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis. The social and historical uses of natural products will also be considered. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): 1 year of organic chemistry and 1 semester of biochemistry.
  
  • CHEM 318 - Advanced Organic Chemistry


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    Organic synthesis: Introduction to retrosynthetic analysis including a detailed study of methods of introducing stereo control. Mechanistic organic chemistry: conformational analysis, transition state theory, kinetics and reaction mechanism, computer modeling, and other topics of contemporary interest. Not offered on a regular basis.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 213  or CHEM 224 .
    Corequisite(s): CHEM 324  or CHEM 320  or permission of the instructor.
  
  • CHEM 320 - Physical Chemistry I


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    An introduction to the principles of chemical thermodynamics and the application of these principles to ideal and non-ideal chemical systems. Topics include the properties of gases and gas mixtures, thermochemistry, the laws of thermodynamics, entropy and free energy functions, chemical and phase equilibria, properties of solutions of nonelectrolytes and electrolytes, and electrochemistry. Computer software and/or programming will be used in this course. Offered every fall.

    Prerequisite(s): (CHEM 213  or CHEM 224 ) MATH 222  and (PHYS 125  or PHYS 115 ) and (PHYS 126  or PHYS 116 ) or permission of the instructor.
  
  • CHEM 322 - Physical Chemistry II


    Credit(s): 3
    Lecture: 3
    Non-Lecture: 0
    A continuation of CHEM 320 . Covers two areas of modern physical chemistry: quantum chemistry and chemical kinetics. Topics in quantum chemistry include waves and particles, postulates of quantum mechanics, Schroedinger equation, applications with exact solutions, approximation methods, atomic structure, molecular structure, and spectroscopy. Topics in chemical kinetics include empirical laws, reaction mechanisms, and reaction rate theories. Offered every spring.

    Prerequisite(s): CHEM 320 .
 

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